Labor is how human beings change and shape nature. For John Locke, the mixing of labor with the earth is the key to justifying private property (Locke 1980; Vaughn 1978). For Classical and Marxist Political Economy, labor is central to understanding how value is created in a market society (Smith 2000; Ricardo 1996; Marx 1977). Nevertheless, to the extent that labor is taken up by traditional development studies, it is either related to Adam Smith’s use of the division of lab
